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After regularly updating crimmigration.com from January 2009 until November 2022, I have stopped doing so. I hope you continue to benefit from the blog as an archive. For up-to-date information about my work, visit ccgarciahernandez.com. – César

Proposal to add judicial admonishment about immigration to FRCP 11

The committee charged with enacting and amending the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure is currently considering an amendment to Rule 11 that would require federal trial court judges to tell defendants that a conviction may result in adverse immigration consequences. Summary of the Report of the Judicial Conference Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (September 2012). If enacted, the text would “expand[] the colloquy under Rule 11 to require advising a defendant of possible immigration consequences when a judge accepts a guilty plea.” Id. at 26.

The proposed amendment is a response to the Supreme Court’s recognition in Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010), that immigration consequences are often inextricably tied to criminal proceedings and uniquely severe, the committee noted. According to the memo distributing the proposed change, “a majority of the advisory committee concluded…that deportation is qualitatively different from other collateral consequences that may follow from a guilty plea….” Id. at 27.

As currently written, the proposal would add a section (O) to FRCP 11(b)(1) that provides:

“Before the court accepts a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the defendant may be placed under oath, and the court must address the defendant personally in open court. During this address, the court must inform the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands, the following….that, if convicted, a defendant who is not a United States citizen may be removed from the United States, denied citizenship, and denied admission to the United States in the future.”

Id. at Appendix D-7. To avoid having the judge attempt to discern whether a particular defendant is a United States citizen or not—a question that is sometimes murky—the amendment would require that the court admonish every defendant. Id. at Appendix D-5.

Whether this is a wise move remains to be seen. I’m included to think it is. First, many states already impose a similar requirement on trial judges. Indeed, the Padilla Court cited 22 such state requirements. 130 S. Ct at 1486 n.15. Second, the proposal is sufficiently broad that it doesn’t overly threaten to pit a defense attorney who has properly advised her client that the client won’t face immigration consequences against a judge who is saying she might. I’ve seen some anecdotal reports of this happening and find it worrisome.

My biggest concern with adding this language to the Rule 11 allocution isn’t really about the proposed language. My concern is just that it won’t have much impact on defendants; rather, I suspect that it will become just another line in a pro forma soliloquy.

It’s worth emphasizing that this language hasn’t yet been added to Rule 11. The Advisory Committee on Criminal Rules, then the Judicial Conference of the United States approved it. That’s not the end of the process, however, The Judicial Conference forwarded the proposed amendment to the Supreme Court for its consideration with a recommendation that it be adopted. The Supreme Court has not announced a decision.

The ABA Journal selected crImmigration.com as one of its top 100 law blogs of 2012. Vote for your favorite source of legal information by going to the ABA Journal’s web site where you will find crImmigration.com listed in the “niche” category. Voting ends at close of business on December 21, 2012, and is open to anyone. A version of this article originally appeared on the Immigration Law Professors blog.

Update: The Court reportedly adopted this amendment on April 19, 2013.

Comments

  1. Another concern with this proposal is that it will add a layer to the veneer of finality that already accompanies a guilty plea. When defendants who plead guilty later assert the ineffectiveness of counsel, courts often point to the plea colloquy as insulating the plea from attack. Here is one example: “When asked if he was satisfied with his counsel’s representation, he said yes. When asked if he was being coerced to enter the plea, he said no. … Bradley is bound by the representations he made at his plea colloquy.” Bradley v. State, 929 A.2d 783 (Del. 2007). “Advisement” of immigration consequences given by the trial court during the plea colloquy will likely be similarly used against defendants seeking to bring claims of ineffective counsel. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, while recognizing that such advisements cannot substitute for the effective advice of counsel required by Padilla, nonetheless found the advisements may be relevant to the question of whether a defendant was prejudiced by ineffective counsel. In denying relief to Michael Clarke, the court wrote: “Warnings of possible deportation given to him orally by the judge, and in a writing that he signed at the time of the plea, apparently gave him no pause.”
    Com. v. Clarke, 949 N.E.2d 892, 907 & n.20 (2011). So, another line in the “pro forma” colloquy may add another hurdle to vindicating the right to effective assistance of counsel.

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