The Fourth Amendment offers a powerful bulwark against the state’s power to deprive people of their liberty. Only with the intercession of a neutral arbiter, the text indicates, can the government exercise its immense coercive powers. Anyone who has followed the evolution of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence over the last three decades knows that this promise is far from the reality. Along the border, however, even the watered-down state in which the Fourth Amendment hobbles along might be too much. Is it possible that a Border Patrol officer might have wielded his weapon too loosely, but the [...]
Utah v. Strieff and the Exclusionary Rule’s Future in Immigration Court – Part II
By Katie Tinto The availability of the exclusionary rule as a remedy for unconstitutional police conduct was recently further restricted by the Supreme Court in Utah v. Strieff, ___ S. Ct. ___, No. 14-1373 (June 20, 2016). In a prior blog post, I warned of the potential of Strieff to seriously limit the availability of the suppression remedy in immigration court. Although the exclusionary rule in immigration court may not be directly impacted, the decision will likely have a detrimental effect on our immigrant communities and the manner in which they are policed. To quickly summarize the [...]
Utah v. Strieff and the Exclusionary Rule’s Future in Immigration Court
By Katie Tinto Immigration scholars and practitioners should pay close attention to the outcome of Utah v. Strieff, a Fourth Amendment case argued before the U.S. Supreme Court two weeks ago. 357 P.3d 532 (Utah 2015), cert. granted, 136 S. Ct. 27 (U.S. Oct. 1, 2015) (No. 14-1373). In this case, the police detained Mr. Strieff without reasonable suspicion, and then, after obtaining his identification, ran a routine warrant check on his name and discovered an outstanding arrest warrant for a traffic violation. During the search incident to arrest on the traffic warrant, the officer found [...]
Immigration Arrests Violate the Fourth Amendment
By Michael Kagan The manner in which Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) takes people into custody at the outset of removal proceedings fails to meet the constitutional requirements for seizure of a person under the Fourth Amendment. In other words, immigration arrests are unconstitutional. This may seem like an ambitious argument because it would upend the manner by which federal authorities have enforced immigration law since the 19th Century. But the constitutional analysis is in in fact quite simple. Indeed, the constitutional problems with immigration arrests are so [...]
Defining crimmigration law: Part III
A working conceptualization of crimmigration law, at least as it plays out in the United States, must start with the radical changes to substantive law that I’ve described in parts I and II of this series of essays on defining crimmigration law. But it can’t end there. As an emergent area of law, crimmigration law is highly functional. Consequently, one of its lasting—and, frankly, devastating—impacts, enforcement, merits as much attention as the substantive law previously discussed. Indeed, I give enforcement methods special attention in Part III of my book Crimmigration Law. Crimmigration [...]
Racial profiling in immigration policing lives on
Racial profiling may be out of favor within many circles, but it remains alive and well when it comes to immigration policing along the border. Yesterday Attorney General Eric Holder released the Justice Department’s latest guidance on the use of race, ethnicity, and other protected categories (gender, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, and gender identity) by federal law enforcement officials. U.S. Department of Justice, Guidance for Federal Law Enforcement Agencies Regarding the Use of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, National Origin, Religion, Sexual Orientation, or Gender Identity [...]
Immigration detainer workshop
Immigration detainers are a key feature of current-day crimmigration law enforcement. They enable ICE to identify and apprehend potentially removable individuals who come into contact with local law enforcement agencies across the United States. In recent years, ICE has used detainers quite vigorously. From October 2011 to August 2013, the agency issued 436,478 detainers. Immigration detainers essentially ask local law enforcement agencies such as sheriffs’ offices to hold a potentially removable migrant for up to 48 hours after the end of the criminal matter. For example, 48 hours after a [...]
SCOTUS takes two criminal cases with potential crimmigration impact
Last week the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear two cases with possible crimmigration law implications. Attesting to immigration law’s broad intersection with criminal procedure and criminal law, the first case concerns criminal procedure while the second concerns criminal law. Fourth Amendment: Heien v. North Carolina The first case, Heien v. North Carolina, No. 13-604, asks the Court to consider whether a police officer’s mistaken understanding of criminal law can provide the individualized suspicion that the Fourth Amendment requires to justify a traffic stop. The police officer pulled [...]